With reporting from Kinshasa by Paulina Zidi.

Key provisions of the surrender protocol

The newly signed protocol between the DRC and the FDLR outlines a multi-phase approach to ending the group’s decades-long presence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Fighters would first be required to surrender their weapons, followed by relocation to designated cantonment sites. From there, individuals face two primary pathways: return to Rwanda or resettlement in a third country. The protocol also includes provisions for judicial processing of those wanted for crimes.

Unresolved challenges ahead

Despite the structured framework, significant uncertainties remain. Primary among them is the question of cantonment site locations. Potential sites must balance accessibility, security, and logistical feasibility. Additionally, the protocol does not explicitly detail which entities will oversee site security—a critical factor given the FDLR’s history of defiance and regional instability.

Comparing past efforts

This initiative follows the 2025 disarmament campaign, which failed to achieve its objectives despite initial momentum. The new protocol introduces clearer judicial and resettlement frameworks, but its success hinges on robust implementation. Will this time be different? The answer may lie in the details of cantonment security and international cooperation.

International and regional implications

The protocol’s execution could reshape regional dynamics, particularly in the Great Lakes region. A successful disarmament process may ease tensions between the DRC and Rwanda, while a faltering one risks exacerbating existing conflicts. International actors, including regional organizations, may play a pivotal role in monitoring compliance and ensuring stability.